Annual Research & Review in Biology

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Anaphe, Fagara, coan, Cricula, mussel and spider silks, detailing their biological origins, properties, traditional and modern uses and prospects for future research and development. Silk has long been valued as a luxurious and versatile natural fibre with the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L., dominating global production. However, several lesser-known natural silk-producing species, including Anaphe, Fagara, the ancient Coan silkworm, Cricula, marine mussels and spiders contribute unique fibres with exceptional structural and functional properties. These silks differ markedly in origin, appearance and performance, offering remarkable strength, elasticity, luster and even adhesive qualities that surpass conventional silk in some aspects. Several minor silk producing species face significant conservation challenges, as many are harvested directly from the wild without sustainable management. Overharvesting to meet local demands can deplete natural populations, this is particularly true of communal cocoon-building insects like Anaphe moths and rare marine mussels used to produce sea silk. Despite their fascinating properties and historical significance, these silks have remained niche, largely due to challenges in harvesting, low yield and lack of awareness. Advancing research to address these limitations, coupled with sustainable management and increased awareness could open new avenues for their commercial and scientific use. Harnessing the potential of these extraordinary fibres offers a path toward innovative, high-value and sustainable material solutions. Further, the review highlights the constraints hindering their commercialisation and identifies avenues for future research and sustainable utilisation.